A long-standing water-sharing treaty between the United States and Mexico is under renewed strain as severe drought conditions grip both countries.
Under the 1944 treaty, Mexico is required to deliver water to the US via the Colorado and Rio Grande Rivers.
However, despite transferring 75 million cubic metres through the Amistad Dam, Mexico still owes around 1.5 billion cubic metres.
Amid growing pressure from Texas Republicans, President Donald Trump accused Mexico of “stealing” water and threatened tariffs or sanctions if treaty obligations are not met. While no deadline was specified, the warning marked a sharp escalation in rhetoric.
On the other side, Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum acknowledged the shortfall but urged cooperation.
Farmers in Chihuahua, facing prolonged drought, argue the treaty permits prioritizing local needs during water shortages.
Farmers on both sides are feeling the strain. In Texas, farmer Brian Jones says he can only cultivate half his land due to irrigation shortages, accusing Mexico of hoarding water.
Meanwhile, Mexican farmers defend their limited supply and cite outdated irrigation methods caused by economic constraints, though some, like Jaime Ramirez, have adopted more efficient sprinkler systems.
The situation is worsened by climate stress and crop demands. The Rio Conchos Valley, a desert region in northern Mexico, grows water-intensive crops like walnuts and alfalfa.
Ramirez warns that without rain, water will soon be reserved strictly for drinking.
The environmental impact is also growing. Lake Toronto’s low levels are heating rapidly, endangering marine life and local tourism.
While US farmers demand full compliance with the treaty, many in Mexico call for reform, arguing the 80-year-old agreement fails to reflect modern realities like climate change and population growth.
